Dictionary: Philosophy Paper

Philosophy Paper contains a reasoned defense to a claim/thesis. Its objectives is to convince a reader about something that the writer want to say. From a philosophical writing, we can see someone's level of understanding of the subject problem or material because the writer can think critically about that that.

A philosophical paper may require several kinds of tasks, including:

• Argument reconstruction 
• Objections and replies 
• Application 
• Original argument 
• Thought experiments

One good example of a philosophy paper is "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" by Alan M. Turing.

Source:

• http://www.mit.edu/~yablo/writing.html
• http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/philosophy/
• http://philosophy.fas.harvard.edu/files/phildept/files/brief_guide_to_writing_philosophy_paper.pdf
• http://www.sfu.ca/philosophy/resources/writing.html

Dictionary: Remote Procedure Call

The concept of Remote Procedure Call (RPC) was developed by Bruce Jay Nelson, a Xerox Parc researcher, in 1981. In 1984, he and his fellow researcher from Xerox PARC published a paper which entitled "Implementing Remote Calls". This paper describes of implementation of RPC that is used in the Cedar project.

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is an important concept in a distributed system. It was developed by observation of procedure calls that are well-known mechanism for transfer of control and data within a program running on a single computer. As the networked system grown into popular there is a need to transfer control and data across the network in a simple way. When calling a remote procedure, the calling (caller) environment is suspended, the parameter are passed across the network to the environment where the procedure is executed (callee), and desired procedure will be executed there and then send the result back to the caller.

So in a simple way, RPC is a concept of computer programming for letting a computer program to execute a method or sub-routine in a remote computer and get the result of that execution easily, simpe, and straight-forward as calling a local function. RPC is also known as remote invocation or remote method invocation in a object oriented principles.

What processes happen when a client calls a RPC method or function?

1. Create a message buffer (contigious array of bytes of some size).
2. Pack the needed information into the message buffer. The information includes identifier of called function and function arguments. This process often called as message serialization or marshaling the argument.
3. Wait for the reply, because the function calls are usually synchronous, the call will wait for its completion.
4. Unpack return code and other arguments. This unpacking process often called as unmarshaling or deserialization.
5. Return to the caller and the caller can continue for more processing.

Sources:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_procedure_call
2. Birrell, A. D.; Nelson, B. J. (1984). "Implementing remote procedure calls". ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2: 39. doi:10.1145/2080.357392
3. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. (2014), Introduction to Distributed Systems

Dictionary: First Class Methods/Functions

In Programming language first class methods/functions means the programming language treats the method or function as a first class citizen. 

Based on Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs 2nd Edition Book, elements with fewest restrictions are said to have first-class status. The rights and privileges  of first-class element are:

• They may be named by variables.
• They may be passed as arguments to procedures.
• They may be returned as the results of procedures.
• They may be included in data structures.

So if a language support a first-class function, it will let the functions to be passed as a parameters, and returned as a result of procedures. First class function is necessary for the functional programming style.

Example of programming languages that support first-class function are Scheme, ML, Haskel, F#, Perl, Scala, Python, PHP, Lua, JavaScript, C#, C++, and etc.

Sources:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_function
2. Abelson, Harold; Sussman, Gerald Jay (1996). Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs - 2nd Edition. MIT Press.